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      Citation: 
        Citation: 
          Title: 
            Turbidity (Kd490) Average Annual Frequency of Anomalies, 1998-2018 
            - American Samoa
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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              Date: 
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                        pifsc.info@noaa.gov
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            Related publication: Gove JM, Williams GJ, McManus MA, Heron SF, 
            Sandin SA, et al. (2013) Quantifying climatological ranges and 
            anomalies for Pacific coral reef ecosystems. PLOS ONE 8(4): 
            e61974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061974.
      Abstract: 
        Spectrally resolved water-leaving radiances (ocean color) and inferred 
        chlorophyll concentration are key to studying phytoplankton dynamics 
        at seasonal and inter-annual scales, for a better understanding of the 
        role of phytoplankton in marine biogeochemistry; the global carbon 
        cycle; and the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability, 
        change, and feedback processes. Ocean color data also have a critical 
        role in operational observation systems monitoring coastal 
        eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and sediment plumes. The 
        contiguous ocean color record reached 21 years in 2018. However, it is 
        comprised of a number of one-off missions such that creating a 
        consistent time series of ocean color data requires merging of the 
        individual sensors without introducing artifacts.
        
        The diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (Kd490) indicates the 
        turbidity of the water column: i.e., how well visible light in the 
        blue to green region of the spectrum penetrates the water column. The 
        value of Kd490 represents the rate at which light at 490 nm is 
        attenuated with depth. For example, a Kd490 of 0.1 per meter means 
        that light intensity is reduced by one natural log within 10 meters of 
        water. Thus, for a Kd490 of 0.1, one attenuation length is 10 meters. 
        Higher Kd490 values mean shallower attenuation depths and thus higher 
        turbidity, or lower clarity, of ocean water. This layer represents the 
        annual average number of anomalies of Kd490 (m-1) from 1998-2018, with 
        values presented as fraction of a year.
        
        Data products generated by the Ocean Colour component of the European 
        Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. These 
        files are 8-day 4-km composites of merged sensor products: Global Area 
        Coverage (GAC), Local Area Coverage (LAC), MEdium Resolution Imaging 
        Spectrometer (MERIS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 
        (MODIS) Aqua, Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), Sea-viewing 
        Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), and Visible Infrared Imaging 
        Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).
        
        The Kd490 average annual frequency of anomalies was calculated by 
        taking the average number of times that the 8-day time series exceeded 
        the maximum monthly climatological Kd490 value from 1998-2018 for each 
        pixel. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data 
        associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Nearshore 
        map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest 
        neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the 
        Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.
        
        Data source: 
        https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/esa-cci-kd-8d-v5-0.graph
      Purpose: 
        These layers were developed as part of a geospatial database of key 
        anthropogenic and environmental pressures to coastal waters of 
        American Samoa.
      Credit: 
        Please acknowledge the Ecosystem Sciences Division of the NOAA Pacific 
        Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
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            Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Human Settlements > Coastal Areas
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            the data Contributor, University of Hawaii, PacIOOS, NOAA, State 
            of Hawaii nor the United States Government, nor any of their 
            employees or contractors, makes any warranty, express or implied, 
            including warranties of merchantability and fitness for a 
            particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability for the 
            accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, of this information.
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          Title: 
            Turbidity (Kd490) Average Annual Frequency of Anomalies, 1998-2018 
            - American Samoa
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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                        pifsc.info@noaa.gov
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      Abstract: 
        Spectrally resolved water-leaving radiances (ocean color) and inferred 
        chlorophyll concentration are key to studying phytoplankton dynamics 
        at seasonal and inter-annual scales, for a better understanding of the 
        role of phytoplankton in marine biogeochemistry; the global carbon 
        cycle; and the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability, 
        change, and feedback processes. Ocean color data also have a critical 
        role in operational observation systems monitoring coastal 
        eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and sediment plumes. The 
        contiguous ocean color record reached 21 years in 2018. However, it is 
        comprised of a number of one-off missions such that creating a 
        consistent time series of ocean color data requires merging of the 
        individual sensors without introducing artifacts.
        
        The diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (Kd490) indicates the 
        turbidity of the water column: i.e., how well visible light in the 
        blue to green region of the spectrum penetrates the water column. The 
        value of Kd490 represents the rate at which light at 490 nm is 
        attenuated with depth. For example, a Kd490 of 0.1 per meter means 
        that light intensity is reduced by one natural log within 10 meters of 
        water. Thus, for a Kd490 of 0.1, one attenuation length is 10 meters. 
        Higher Kd490 values mean shallower attenuation depths and thus higher 
        turbidity, or lower clarity, of ocean water. This layer represents the 
        annual average number of anomalies of Kd490 (m-1) from 1998-2018, with 
        values presented as fraction of a year.
        
        Data products generated by the Ocean Colour component of the European 
        Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. These 
        files are 8-day 4-km composites of merged sensor products: Global Area 
        Coverage (GAC), Local Area Coverage (LAC), MEdium Resolution Imaging 
        Spectrometer (MERIS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 
        (MODIS) Aqua, Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), Sea-viewing 
        Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), and Visible Infrared Imaging 
        Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).
        
        The Kd490 average annual frequency of anomalies was calculated by 
        taking the average number of times that the 8-day time series exceeded 
        the maximum monthly climatological Kd490 value from 1998-2018 for each 
        pixel. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data 
        associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Nearshore 
        map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest 
        neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the 
        Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.
        
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        https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/esa-cci-kd-8d-v5-0.graph
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          Title: 
            Turbidity (Kd490) Average Annual Frequency of Anomalies, 1998-2018 
            - American Samoa
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2021-09-07
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      Abstract: 
        Spectrally resolved water-leaving radiances (ocean color) and inferred 
        chlorophyll concentration are key to studying phytoplankton dynamics 
        at seasonal and inter-annual scales, for a better understanding of the 
        role of phytoplankton in marine biogeochemistry; the global carbon 
        cycle; and the response of marine ecosystems to climate variability, 
        change, and feedback processes. Ocean color data also have a critical 
        role in operational observation systems monitoring coastal 
        eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and sediment plumes. The 
        contiguous ocean color record reached 21 years in 2018. However, it is 
        comprised of a number of one-off missions such that creating a 
        consistent time series of ocean color data requires merging of the 
        individual sensors without introducing artifacts.
        
        The diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (Kd490) indicates the 
        turbidity of the water column: i.e., how well visible light in the 
        blue to green region of the spectrum penetrates the water column. The 
        value of Kd490 represents the rate at which light at 490 nm is 
        attenuated with depth. For example, a Kd490 of 0.1 per meter means 
        that light intensity is reduced by one natural log within 10 meters of 
        water. Thus, for a Kd490 of 0.1, one attenuation length is 10 meters. 
        Higher Kd490 values mean shallower attenuation depths and thus higher 
        turbidity, or lower clarity, of ocean water. This layer represents the 
        annual average number of anomalies of Kd490 (m-1) from 1998-2018, with 
        values presented as fraction of a year.
        
        Data products generated by the Ocean Colour component of the European 
        Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. These 
        files are 8-day 4-km composites of merged sensor products: Global Area 
        Coverage (GAC), Local Area Coverage (LAC), MEdium Resolution Imaging 
        Spectrometer (MERIS), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 
        (MODIS) Aqua, Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI), Sea-viewing 
        Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), and Visible Infrared Imaging 
        Radiometer Suite (VIIRS).
        
        The Kd490 average annual frequency of anomalies was calculated by 
        taking the average number of times that the 8-day time series exceeded 
        the maximum monthly climatological Kd490 value from 1998-2018 for each 
        pixel. A quality control mask was applied to remove spurious data 
        associated with shallow water, following Gove et al., 2013. Nearshore 
        map pixels with no data were filled with values from the nearest 
        neighboring valid offshore pixel by using a grid of points and the 
        Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then converting points to raster.
        
        Data source: 
        https://oceanwatch.pifsc.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/esa-cci-kd-8d-v5-0.graph
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                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://pacioos.org/projects/coral-drivers-amsam/
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    PacIOOS: American Samoa Coral Reef Drivers
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides a viewer and/or data access for this 
                    dataset.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
  Data_Quality_Information: 
    Data_Quality: 
      Scope: 
        Scope: 
          Hierarchy_Level: 
            Scope_Code: 
              dataset
      Lineage: 
        Lineage: 
          Statement: 
            2021-09-07T00:00:00Z OGC web services (WMS and WFS) enabled by 
            PacIOOS via GeoServer. Original data from source provider may have 
            been reformatted, reprojected, or adjusted in other ways to 
            optimize these capabilities.
  Metadata_Maintenance: 
    Maintenance_Information: 
      Maintenance_And_Update_Frequency: 
      Maintenance_Note: 
        This record was translated and enhanced from GeoServer OGC Web 
        Services (OWS) using PacIOOS software.