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          Title: 
            Sea Level Rise: American Samoa: Extreme High-Tide Flooding: 4-Ft 
            Scenario: 50 Days Per Year
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2024-07-31
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              Individual_Name: 
                Carla Baizeau
              Organisation_Name: 
                University of Hawaii at Manoa
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                        cbaizeau@hawaii.edu
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                Philip R. Thompson
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              Contact_Information: 
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                        philiprt@hawaii.edu
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                Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
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          Other_Citation_Details: 
            Related publications: Han, S.-C., J. Sauber, F. Pollitz, and R. 
            Ray. 2019. Sea level rise in the Samoan Islands escalated by 
            viscoelastic relaxation after the 2009 Samoa-Tonga earthquake. 
            Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 4142-4156. 
            https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB017110; Sweet, W.V., B.D. 
            Hamlington, R.E. Kopp, C.P. Weaver, P.L. Barnard, D. Bekaert, W. 
            Brooks, M. Craghan, G. Dusek, T. Frederikse, G. Garner, A.S. Genz, 
            J.P. Krasting, E. Larour, D. Marcy, J.J. Marra, J. Obeysekera, M. 
            Osler, M. Pendleton, D. Roman, L. Schmied, W. Veatch, K.D. White, 
            and C. Zuzak. 2022. Global and regional sea level rise scenarios 
            for the United States: Updated mean projections and extreme water 
            level probabilities along U.S. coastlines. NOAA Technical Report 
            NOS 01. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 
            Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, 111 pp. 
            https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/sealevelrise/noaa-nos-techrpt01-global-regional-SLR-scenarios-US.pdf; 
            Thompson, P.R., M.J. Widlansky, B.D. Hamlington, M.A. Merrifield, 
            J.J. Marra, G.T. Mitchum, and W. Sweet. 2021. Rapid increases and 
            extreme months in projections of United States high-tide flooding. 
            Nature Climate Change, 11, 584-590. 
            https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01077-8.
      Abstract: 
        This extreme high-tide flooding layer provides a prediction of future 
        sea level rise (SLR) inundation and was produced using a passive 
        flooding model, often referred to as a "bathtub" model. It provides an 
        assessment of flooded areas according to a specific water level. As an 
        alternative to the SLR scenarios in other data layers that we provide, 
        our project also provides the ability to select specific amounts of 
        SLR in increments of one foot, independent of any particular scenario. 
        This information can be used if guidance for a project requires 
        planning for a specific amount of SLR rather than a time horizon. The 
        present layer models a sea level rise of 4 feet (122 cm).
        
        We apply this model to the 2022 National Geodetic Survey (NGS) lidar 
        DEM for American Samoa with 1-meter resolution. The DEM was leveled 
        from NAD83 (PA11) to mean sea level at 0 m (MSL=0) in 2005. The 
        adjustment of the DEM may lead to inaccuracies due to the lack of 
        historic information. It is also important to acknowledge that any 
        inaccuracies in the DEM will lead to inaccuracies in the flooding 
        estimates.
        
        When assessing the impacts of future sea level rise, it is important 
        to consider how often flood conditions will occur in a given year. A 
        low-lying location will begin to see impacts of being flooded a few 
        times per year. Then, as sea level rise increases, it will flood tens 
        of times per year. Eventually, that location may be flooded under a 
        daily high tide. The present scenario models a frequency of 50 
        flooding days per year. Please note that this frequency represents an 
        average number of times per year (Thompson et al., 2021). Any 
        particular year may have substantially more or less flooding days 
        depending on local climate variability (such as the El Nino, La Nina 
        cycle) and year-to-year variability in the tides due to changes in the 
        alignment of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. Secondly, flooding frequencies 
        are based on data from the Pago Pago tide gauge on Tutuila, which 
        means that estimates may not perfectly represent local conditions 
        outside the harbor or on other islands. However, this is the best 
        source of information available, and we do not expect this to lead to 
        significant inaccuracies in the estimates of flooding frequency. In 
        the 4-ft scenario represented here, the modeled water level for a 
        50-day frequency is 189 cm.
        
        Flood depth is provided in centimeters above the 2005 mean higher high 
        water (MHHW) tide level.
        
        It is essential to emphasize that the passive flooding model used to 
        produce this data layer does not include the effects of waves on 
        flooding. As a result, the extent and impacts of future flooding under 
        high-wave conditions are not represented, which should be accounted 
        for in planning efforts. In addition, the DEM is assumed to be 
        unchanged as sea level rises, but in fact there will be erosion and 
        changes in the shape of the land surface, and continued subsidence. 
        This also must be considered, and it is best practice to consider any 
        flooding extent or depth represented in this data layer as a best-case 
        scenario, with the effects of dynamic shoreline processes leading to 
        greater flood extent and depth than presented.
      Purpose: 
        PacIOOS provides timely, reliable, and accurate ocean information to 
        support a safe, clean, productive ocean and resilient coastal zone in 
        the U.S. Pacific Islands region.
      Credit: 
        Using data produced by the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center 
        (UHSLC), this product was developed in cooperation with the Pacific 
        Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS) at the University of Hawaii 
        at Manoa (UH) School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) 
        and the Department of Oceanography at UH SOEST in partnership with the 
        University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, also within UH SOEST. 
        An associated online viewer was funded by the Pacific Islands Climate 
        Adaptation Science Center (PI-CASC).
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            Carla Baizeau
          Organisation_Name: 
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            Earth Science > Climate Indicators > Atmospheric/Ocean Indicators 
            > Sea Level Rise > Inundation
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Environmental Impacts
          Keyword: 
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            Samoa > Manua
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          Keyword: 
            Ocean > Pacific Ocean > South Pacific Ocean > Polynesia > American 
            Samoa > Rose Atoll
          Keyword: 
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            Samoa > Swains
          Keyword: 
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            This data layer provides a scientific prediction of potential 
            future conditions from flooding due to sea level rise. The 
            methodology is based on published, peer-reviewed techniques. 
            However, as with any forecast, accuracy cannot be guaranteed and 
            actual impacts may vary from these predictions. While considerable 
            effort has been made to implement all components in a thorough, 
            correct, and accurate manner, errors are still possible. The 
            results are provided without warranty of any kind. The risks 
            associated with use or non-use of the results are assumed by the 
            user. The data may be used and redistributed for free but is not 
            intended for legal use, since it may contain inaccuracies. Neither 
            the data Contributor, University of Hawaii, PacIOOS, NOAA, State 
            of Hawaii nor the United States Government, nor any of their 
            employees or contractors, makes any warranty, express or implied, 
            including warranties of merchantability and fitness for a 
            particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability for the 
            accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, of this information.
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                Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
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            Sea Level Rise: American Samoa: Extreme High-Tide Flooding: 4-Ft 
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                Date: 
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      Abstract: 
        This extreme high-tide flooding layer provides a prediction of future 
        sea level rise (SLR) inundation and was produced using a passive 
        flooding model, often referred to as a "bathtub" model. It provides an 
        assessment of flooded areas according to a specific water level. As an 
        alternative to the SLR scenarios in other data layers that we provide, 
        our project also provides the ability to select specific amounts of 
        SLR in increments of one foot, independent of any particular scenario. 
        This information can be used if guidance for a project requires 
        planning for a specific amount of SLR rather than a time horizon. The 
        present layer models a sea level rise of 4 feet (122 cm).
        
        We apply this model to the 2022 National Geodetic Survey (NGS) lidar 
        DEM for American Samoa with 1-meter resolution. The DEM was leveled 
        from NAD83 (PA11) to mean sea level at 0 m (MSL=0) in 2005. The 
        adjustment of the DEM may lead to inaccuracies due to the lack of 
        historic information. It is also important to acknowledge that any 
        inaccuracies in the DEM will lead to inaccuracies in the flooding 
        estimates.
        
        When assessing the impacts of future sea level rise, it is important 
        to consider how often flood conditions will occur in a given year. A 
        low-lying location will begin to see impacts of being flooded a few 
        times per year. Then, as sea level rise increases, it will flood tens 
        of times per year. Eventually, that location may be flooded under a 
        daily high tide. The present scenario models a frequency of 50 
        flooding days per year. Please note that this frequency represents an 
        average number of times per year (Thompson et al., 2021). Any 
        particular year may have substantially more or less flooding days 
        depending on local climate variability (such as the El Nino, La Nina 
        cycle) and year-to-year variability in the tides due to changes in the 
        alignment of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. Secondly, flooding frequencies 
        are based on data from the Pago Pago tide gauge on Tutuila, which 
        means that estimates may not perfectly represent local conditions 
        outside the harbor or on other islands. However, this is the best 
        source of information available, and we do not expect this to lead to 
        significant inaccuracies in the estimates of flooding frequency. In 
        the 4-ft scenario represented here, the modeled water level for a 
        50-day frequency is 189 cm.
        
        Flood depth is provided in centimeters above the 2005 mean higher high 
        water (MHHW) tide level.
        
        It is essential to emphasize that the passive flooding model used to 
        produce this data layer does not include the effects of waves on 
        flooding. As a result, the extent and impacts of future flooding under 
        high-wave conditions are not represented, which should be accounted 
        for in planning efforts. In addition, the DEM is assumed to be 
        unchanged as sea level rises, but in fact there will be erosion and 
        changes in the shape of the land surface, and continued subsidence. 
        This also must be considered, and it is best practice to consider any 
        flooding extent or depth represented in this data layer as a best-case 
        scenario, with the effects of dynamic shoreline processes leading to 
        greater flood extent and depth than presented.
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          Title: 
            Sea Level Rise: American Samoa: Extreme High-Tide Flooding: 4-Ft 
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          Date: 
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              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2024-07-31
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        This extreme high-tide flooding layer provides a prediction of future 
        sea level rise (SLR) inundation and was produced using a passive 
        flooding model, often referred to as a "bathtub" model. It provides an 
        assessment of flooded areas according to a specific water level. As an 
        alternative to the SLR scenarios in other data layers that we provide, 
        our project also provides the ability to select specific amounts of 
        SLR in increments of one foot, independent of any particular scenario. 
        This information can be used if guidance for a project requires 
        planning for a specific amount of SLR rather than a time horizon. The 
        present layer models a sea level rise of 4 feet (122 cm).
        
        We apply this model to the 2022 National Geodetic Survey (NGS) lidar 
        DEM for American Samoa with 1-meter resolution. The DEM was leveled 
        from NAD83 (PA11) to mean sea level at 0 m (MSL=0) in 2005. The 
        adjustment of the DEM may lead to inaccuracies due to the lack of 
        historic information. It is also important to acknowledge that any 
        inaccuracies in the DEM will lead to inaccuracies in the flooding 
        estimates.
        
        When assessing the impacts of future sea level rise, it is important 
        to consider how often flood conditions will occur in a given year. A 
        low-lying location will begin to see impacts of being flooded a few 
        times per year. Then, as sea level rise increases, it will flood tens 
        of times per year. Eventually, that location may be flooded under a 
        daily high tide. The present scenario models a frequency of 50 
        flooding days per year. Please note that this frequency represents an 
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        particular year may have substantially more or less flooding days 
        depending on local climate variability (such as the El Nino, La Nina 
        cycle) and year-to-year variability in the tides due to changes in the 
        alignment of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. Secondly, flooding frequencies 
        are based on data from the Pago Pago tide gauge on Tutuila, which 
        means that estimates may not perfectly represent local conditions 
        outside the harbor or on other islands. However, this is the best 
        source of information available, and we do not expect this to lead to 
        significant inaccuracies in the estimates of flooding frequency. In 
        the 4-ft scenario represented here, the modeled water level for a 
        50-day frequency is 189 cm.
        
        Flood depth is provided in centimeters above the 2005 mean higher high 
        water (MHHW) tide level.
        
        It is essential to emphasize that the passive flooding model used to 
        produce this data layer does not include the effects of waves on 
        flooding. As a result, the extent and impacts of future flooding under 
        high-wave conditions are not represented, which should be accounted 
        for in planning efforts. In addition, the DEM is assumed to be 
        unchanged as sea level rises, but in fact there will be erosion and 
        changes in the shape of the land surface, and continued subsidence. 
        This also must be considered, and it is best practice to consider any 
        flooding extent or depth represented in this data layer as a best-case 
        scenario, with the effects of dynamic shoreline processes leading to 
        greater flood extent and depth than presented.
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                WMS versions include 1.1.1 and 1.3.0. Supported map formats 
                include AtomPub, GeoRSS, GeoTIFF, GIF, JPEG, KML/KMZ, PDF, 
                PNG, SVG, and TIFF. Supported info formats include GeoJSON, 
                GeoJSON-P, GML, HTML, and plain text.
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      Operates_On: 
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    Service_Identification: 
      Citation: 
        Citation: 
          Title: 
            Sea Level Rise: American Samoa: Extreme High-Tide Flooding: 4-Ft 
            Scenario: 50 Days Per Year
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2024-07-31
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
                  creation
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2024-07-31
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
                  issued
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2024-07-31
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
                  revision
          Cited_Responsible_Party: 
            Responsible_Party: 
              Organisation_Name: 
                University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Online_Resource: 
                    Online_Resource: 
                      Linkage: 
                        URL: 
                          https://uhslc.soest.hawaii.edu
                      Protocol: 
                        http
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                        web browser
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          Cited_Responsible_Party: 
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              Organisation_Name: 
                Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        info@pacioos.org
                  Online_Resource: 
                    Online_Resource: 
                      Linkage: 
                        URL: 
                          http://pacioos.org
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                        http
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      Abstract: 
        This extreme high-tide flooding layer provides a prediction of future 
        sea level rise (SLR) inundation and was produced using a passive 
        flooding model, often referred to as a "bathtub" model. It provides an 
        assessment of flooded areas according to a specific water level. As an 
        alternative to the SLR scenarios in other data layers that we provide, 
        our project also provides the ability to select specific amounts of 
        SLR in increments of one foot, independent of any particular scenario. 
        This information can be used if guidance for a project requires 
        planning for a specific amount of SLR rather than a time horizon. The 
        present layer models a sea level rise of 4 feet (122 cm).
        
        We apply this model to the 2022 National Geodetic Survey (NGS) lidar 
        DEM for American Samoa with 1-meter resolution. The DEM was leveled 
        from NAD83 (PA11) to mean sea level at 0 m (MSL=0) in 2005. The 
        adjustment of the DEM may lead to inaccuracies due to the lack of 
        historic information. It is also important to acknowledge that any 
        inaccuracies in the DEM will lead to inaccuracies in the flooding 
        estimates.
        
        When assessing the impacts of future sea level rise, it is important 
        to consider how often flood conditions will occur in a given year. A 
        low-lying location will begin to see impacts of being flooded a few 
        times per year. Then, as sea level rise increases, it will flood tens 
        of times per year. Eventually, that location may be flooded under a 
        daily high tide. The present scenario models a frequency of 50 
        flooding days per year. Please note that this frequency represents an 
        average number of times per year (Thompson et al., 2021). Any 
        particular year may have substantially more or less flooding days 
        depending on local climate variability (such as the El Nino, La Nina 
        cycle) and year-to-year variability in the tides due to changes in the 
        alignment of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. Secondly, flooding frequencies 
        are based on data from the Pago Pago tide gauge on Tutuila, which 
        means that estimates may not perfectly represent local conditions 
        outside the harbor or on other islands. However, this is the best 
        source of information available, and we do not expect this to lead to 
        significant inaccuracies in the estimates of flooding frequency. In 
        the 4-ft scenario represented here, the modeled water level for a 
        50-day frequency is 189 cm.
        
        Flood depth is provided in centimeters above the 2005 mean higher high 
        water (MHHW) tide level.
        
        It is essential to emphasize that the passive flooding model used to 
        produce this data layer does not include the effects of waves on 
        flooding. As a result, the extent and impacts of future flooding under 
        high-wave conditions are not represented, which should be accounted 
        for in planning efforts. In addition, the DEM is assumed to be 
        unchanged as sea level rises, but in fact there will be erosion and 
        changes in the shape of the land surface, and continued subsidence. 
        This also must be considered, and it is best practice to consider any 
        flooding extent or depth represented in this data layer as a best-case 
        scenario, with the effects of dynamic shoreline processes leading to 
        greater flood extent and depth than presented.
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              East_Bound_Longitude: 
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              North_Bound_Latitude: 
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              Name: 
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              Description: 
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                Use of WMS-C is similar to traditional WMS but with the 
                addition of the "tiled=true" parameter, which triggers 
                GeoServer to pull map tiles from GeoWebCache if they have been 
                previously generated. This can dramatically improve 
                performance, especially for larger datasets. Supported map 
                formats include JPEG and PNG. Supported info formats include 
                GeoJSON, GML, HTML, and plain text.
              Function: 
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  Content_Information: 
    Coverage_Description: 
      Attribute_Description: 
      Content_Type: 
      Dimension: 
        Band: 
          Sequence_Identifier: 
            Member_Name: 
              Name: 
                flood
              Attribute_Type: 
                Type_Name: 
                  Name: 
                    int
          Descriptor: 
            Projected flood depth in centimeters (cm) above the 2005 mean 
            higher high water (MHHW) tide level due to sea level rise 
            inundation according to the modeled scenario.
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          Sequence_Identifier: 
            Member_Name: 
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              Attribute_Type: 
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          Descriptor: 
  Distribution_Information: 
    Distribution: 
      Distributor: 
        Distributor: 
          Distributor_Contact: 
            Responsible_Party: 
              Individual_Name: 
              Organisation_Name: 
                Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        info@pacioos.org
                  Online_Resource: 
                    Online_Resource: 
                      Linkage: 
                        URL: 
                          http://pacioos.org
                      Protocol: 
                        http
                      Application_Profile: 
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                      Function: 
                        OnLine_Function_Code: 
                          information
              Role: 
                Role_Code: 
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          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
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                    URL: 
                      http://geo.pacioos.hawaii.edu/geoserver/
                  Protocol: 
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                  Name: 
                    GeoServer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides access to this dataset via GeoServer, 
                    which offers multiple output formats and an OpenLayers 
                    viewer.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
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                  Protocol: 
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                  Name: 
                    GeoExplorer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides a viewer for this dataset.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
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          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
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              Online: 
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                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://pacioos.org/shoreline/slr-amsam/
                  Protocol: 
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                  Name: 
                    PacIOOS: American Samoa Sea Level Rise Viewer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides a viewer and/or data access for this 
                    dataset.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/72129
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    Related URL
                  Description: 
                    NOAA National Geodetic Survey (NGS). 2022. NOAA NGS 
                    Topobathy Lidar DEM of Ofu and Olosega, American Samoa. 
                    NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
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          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
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                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
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                  Protocol: 
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                  Name: 
                    Related URL
                  Description: 
                    NOAA National Geodetic Survey (NGS). 2022. NOAA NGS 
                    Topobathy Lidar DEM of Rose Atoll, American Samoa. NOAA 
                    National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
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          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
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              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/72139
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    Related URL
                  Description: 
                    NOAA National Geodetic Survey (NGS). 2022. NOAA NGS 
                    Topobathy Lidar DEM of Swains Island, American Samoa. NOAA 
                    National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
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          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/72142
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    Related URL
                  Description: 
                    NOAA National Geodetic Survey (NGS). 2022. NOAA NGS 
                    Topobathy Lidar DEM of Ta'u, American Samoa. NOAA National 
                    Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      information
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inport/item/72145
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    Related URL
                  Description: 
                    NOAA National Geodetic Survey (NGS). 2022. NOAA NGS 
                    Topobathy Lidar DEM of Tutuila, American Samoa. NOAA 
                    National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
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  Data_Quality_Information: 
    Data_Quality: 
      Scope: 
        Scope: 
          Hierarchy_Level: 
            Scope_Code: 
              dataset
      Lineage: 
        Lineage: 
          Statement: 
            2023-09-26T00:00:00Z Initial release (Version 1.0).
            2024-07-31T00:00:00Z Data Update (Version 2.0): For improved 
            accuracy, sea level rise inundation was recalculated using a newly 
            released higher resolution digital elevation model (DEM) as its 
            basis. Version 1.0 used a 2021 DEM with 1/9 arc-second resolution, 
            except for Rose Atoll where a 2012 DEM with 1/3 arc-second 
            resolution was used (NOAA/CIRES CUDEM). In contrast, Version 2.0 
            uses a NOAA National Geodetic Survey (NGS) 2022 lidar DEM with 
            1-meter resolution. Swains Island is now included in the Verison 
            2.0 results, but it and Rose Atoll do not include vertical land 
            motion (VLM) in their estimates. All DEMs were leveled to mean sea 
            level at 0 m (MSL=0) in 2005.
  Metadata_Maintenance: 
    Maintenance_Information: 
      Maintenance_And_Update_Frequency: 
      Maintenance_Note: 
        This record was translated and enhanced from GeoServer OGC Web 
        Services (OWS) using PacIOOS software.