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      Individual_Name: 
        Carrie V. Kappel
      Organisation_Name: 
        National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
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                kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu
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      Citation: 
        Citation: 
          Title: 
            Chlorophyll-a Average Annual Maximum Anomaly, 2002-2013 - Hawaii
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
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            Date: 
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                Date: 
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                Date: 
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                Carrie V. Kappel
              Organisation_Name: 
                National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
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                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu
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              Individual_Name: 
                Kimberly A. Selkoe
              Organisation_Name: 
                National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        selkoe@nceas.ucsb.edu
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                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        info@oceantippingpoints.org
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                Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
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                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        info@pacioos.org
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          Other_Citation_Details: 
            Related publications: Wedding LM, Lecky J, Gove JM, Walecka HR, 
            Donovan MK, et al. (2018) Advancing the integration of spatial 
            data to map human and natural drivers on coral reefs. PLOS ONE 
            13(3): e0189792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189792; 
            Gove JM, Williams GJ, McManus MA, Heron SF, Sandin SA, et al. 
            (2013) Quantifying climatological ranges and anomalies for Pacific 
            coral reef ecosystems. PLOS ONE 8(4): e61974. 
            https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061974.
      Abstract: 
        Chlorophyll-a is a widely used proxy for phytoplankton biomass and an 
        indicator for changes in phytoplankton production. As an essential 
        source of energy in the marine environment, the extent and 
        availability of phytoplankton biomass can be highly influential for 
        fisheries production and dictate trophic structure in marine 
        ecosystems. Changes in phytoplankton biomass are predominantly 
        effected by changes in nutrient availability, through either natural 
        (e.g., turbulent ocean mixing) or anthropogenic (e.g., agricultural 
        runoff) processes. This layer represents the annual average of the 
        maximum anomaly of chlorophyll-a (mg/m3) from 2002-2013. Monthly and 
        8-day 4-km (0.0417-degree) spatial resolution data were obtained from 
        the MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Aqua 
        satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website 
        (http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov).
        
        The chlorophyll-a average annual maximum anomaly was calculated by 
        taking the average of the chlorophyll-a values from the 8-day time 
        series in exceedance of the maximum monthly climatological 
        chlorophyll-a from 2002-2013 for each pixel. A quality control mask 
        was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, 
        following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly Climatologies were calculated 
        from monthly time series using only full years over the Ocean Tipping 
        Points (OTP) project time frame of interest (2002-2013). Time series 
        of anomalies were calculated by quantifying the number and magnitude 
        of events from the 8-day time series that exceed the maximum 
        climatological monthly mean. Nearshore map pixels with no data were 
        filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel 
        by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then 
        converting points to raster.
      Purpose: 
        This layer was developed as part of a geospatial database of key 
        anthropogenic pressures to coastal waters of the Main Hawaiian Islands 
        for the Ocean Tipping Points (OTP) project 
        (http://oceantippingpoints.org). Ocean tipping points occur when 
        shifts in human use or environmental conditions result in large, and 
        sometimes abrupt, impacts to marine ecosystems. The ability to predict 
        and understand ocean tipping points can enhance ecosystem management, 
        including critical coral reef management and policies to protect 
        ecosystem services produced by coral reefs. The goal of the Ocean 
        Tipping Points Hawaii case study was to gather, process, and map 
        spatial information on environmental and human-based drivers of coral 
        reef ecosystem conditions.
      Credit: 
        The Ocean Tipping Points project, 2016. Please acknowledge the Ocean 
        Tipping Points project as a source when these data are used in the 
        preparation of reports, papers, publications, maps, and other 
        products. When applying these data for publication, please reference 
        and cite the following journal article: Wedding LM, Lecky J, Gove JM, 
        Walecka HR, Donovan MK, et al. (2018) Advancing the integration of 
        spatial data to map human and natural drivers on coral reefs. PLOS ONE 
        13(3): e0189792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189792.
      Point_Of_Contact: 
        Responsible_Party: 
          Individual_Name: 
            Carrie V. Kappel
          Organisation_Name: 
            National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
          Contact_Information: 
            Contact: 
              Address: 
                Address: 
                  Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                    kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu
              Online_Resource: 
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      Descriptive_Keywords: 
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            Earth Science > Biosphere > Aquatic Ecosystems > Reef Habitat
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Biosphere > Ecosystems > Marine Ecosystems > Reef 
            > Coral Reef
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Human Settlements > Coastal Areas
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Chemistry > Chlorophyll
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Optics > Ocean Color
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      Resource_Constraints: 
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          Use_Limitation: 
            Please contact the Ocean Tipping Points (OTP) project in advance 
            of applying these data to project work so that the principal 
            investigator, Carrie Kappel (kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu), can track and 
            communicate data uses and ensure no duplicate efforts are 
            underway. The data may be used and redistributed for free but is 
            not intended for legal use, since it may contain inaccuracies. 
            Neither the data Contributor, University of Hawaii, PacIOOS, NOAA, 
            State of Hawaii nor the United States Government, nor any of their 
            employees or contractors, makes any warranty, express or implied, 
            including warranties of merchantability and fitness for a 
            particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability for the 
            accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, of this information.
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          Title: 
            Chlorophyll-a Average Annual Maximum Anomaly, 2002-2013 - Hawaii
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
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                Date_Type_Code: 
                  creation
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            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
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              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
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              Individual_Name: 
                Carrie V. Kappel
              Organisation_Name: 
                National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu
                  Online_Resource: 
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      Abstract: 
        Chlorophyll-a is a widely used proxy for phytoplankton biomass and an 
        indicator for changes in phytoplankton production. As an essential 
        source of energy in the marine environment, the extent and 
        availability of phytoplankton biomass can be highly influential for 
        fisheries production and dictate trophic structure in marine 
        ecosystems. Changes in phytoplankton biomass are predominantly 
        effected by changes in nutrient availability, through either natural 
        (e.g., turbulent ocean mixing) or anthropogenic (e.g., agricultural 
        runoff) processes. This layer represents the annual average of the 
        maximum anomaly of chlorophyll-a (mg/m3) from 2002-2013. Monthly and 
        8-day 4-km (0.0417-degree) spatial resolution data were obtained from 
        the MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Aqua 
        satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website 
        (http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov).
        
        The chlorophyll-a average annual maximum anomaly was calculated by 
        taking the average of the chlorophyll-a values from the 8-day time 
        series in exceedance of the maximum monthly climatological 
        chlorophyll-a from 2002-2013 for each pixel. A quality control mask 
        was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, 
        following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly Climatologies were calculated 
        from monthly time series using only full years over the Ocean Tipping 
        Points (OTP) project time frame of interest (2002-2013). Time series 
        of anomalies were calculated by quantifying the number and magnitude 
        of events from the 8-day time series that exceed the maximum 
        climatological monthly mean. Nearshore map pixels with no data were 
        filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel 
        by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then 
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      Citation: 
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          Title: 
            Chlorophyll-a Average Annual Maximum Anomaly, 2002-2013 - Hawaii
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
                  creation
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
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              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
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          Cited_Responsible_Party: 
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              Individual_Name: 
                Carrie V. Kappel
              Organisation_Name: 
                National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu
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      Abstract: 
        Chlorophyll-a is a widely used proxy for phytoplankton biomass and an 
        indicator for changes in phytoplankton production. As an essential 
        source of energy in the marine environment, the extent and 
        availability of phytoplankton biomass can be highly influential for 
        fisheries production and dictate trophic structure in marine 
        ecosystems. Changes in phytoplankton biomass are predominantly 
        effected by changes in nutrient availability, through either natural 
        (e.g., turbulent ocean mixing) or anthropogenic (e.g., agricultural 
        runoff) processes. This layer represents the annual average of the 
        maximum anomaly of chlorophyll-a (mg/m3) from 2002-2013. Monthly and 
        8-day 4-km (0.0417-degree) spatial resolution data were obtained from 
        the MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Aqua 
        satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website 
        (http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov).
        
        The chlorophyll-a average annual maximum anomaly was calculated by 
        taking the average of the chlorophyll-a values from the 8-day time 
        series in exceedance of the maximum monthly climatological 
        chlorophyll-a from 2002-2013 for each pixel. A quality control mask 
        was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, 
        following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly Climatologies were calculated 
        from monthly time series using only full years over the Ocean Tipping 
        Points (OTP) project time frame of interest (2002-2013). Time series 
        of anomalies were calculated by quantifying the number and magnitude 
        of events from the 8-day time series that exceed the maximum 
        climatological monthly mean. Nearshore map pixels with no data were 
        filled with values from the nearest neighboring valid offshore pixel 
        by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then 
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      Citation: 
        Citation: 
          Title: 
            Chlorophyll-a Average Annual Maximum Anomaly, 2002-2013 - Hawaii
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
                  creation
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
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          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-03-14
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            Responsible_Party: 
              Organisation_Name: 
                Ocean Tipping Points (OTP)
              Contact_Information: 
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                      Linkage: 
                        URL: 
                          http://oceantippingpoints.org
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      Abstract: 
        Chlorophyll-a is a widely used proxy for phytoplankton biomass and an 
        indicator for changes in phytoplankton production. As an essential 
        source of energy in the marine environment, the extent and 
        availability of phytoplankton biomass can be highly influential for 
        fisheries production and dictate trophic structure in marine 
        ecosystems. Changes in phytoplankton biomass are predominantly 
        effected by changes in nutrient availability, through either natural 
        (e.g., turbulent ocean mixing) or anthropogenic (e.g., agricultural 
        runoff) processes. This layer represents the annual average of the 
        maximum anomaly of chlorophyll-a (mg/m3) from 2002-2013. Monthly and 
        8-day 4-km (0.0417-degree) spatial resolution data were obtained from 
        the MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Aqua 
        satellite instrument from the NASA OceanColor website 
        (http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov).
        
        The chlorophyll-a average annual maximum anomaly was calculated by 
        taking the average of the chlorophyll-a values from the 8-day time 
        series in exceedance of the maximum monthly climatological 
        chlorophyll-a from 2002-2013 for each pixel. A quality control mask 
        was applied to remove spurious data associated with shallow water, 
        following Gove et al., 2013. Monthly Climatologies were calculated 
        from monthly time series using only full years over the Ocean Tipping 
        Points (OTP) project time frame of interest (2002-2013). Time series 
        of anomalies were calculated by quantifying the number and magnitude 
        of events from the 8-day time series that exceed the maximum 
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        by using a grid of points and the Near Analysis tool in ArcGIS then 
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      Service_Type: 
        Local_Name: 
          Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Service - Cached (WMS-C)
      Extent: 
        Extent: 
          Geographic_Element: 
            Geographic_Bounding_Box: 
              Extent_Type_Code: 
                Boolean: 
                  1
              West_Bound_Longitude: 
                Decimal: 
                  -160.41246354980814
              East_Bound_Longitude: 
                Decimal: 
                  -154.56326617912035
              South_Bound_Latitude: 
                Decimal: 
                  18.755036208219373
              North_Bound_Latitude: 
                Decimal: 
                  22.42373568629166
      Coupling_Type: 
        Coupling_Type: 
          tight
      Contains_Operations: 
        Operation_Metadata: 
          Operation_Name: 
            GetCapabilities
          Distributed_Computing_Platforms: 
          Connect_Point: 
            Online_Resource: 
              Linkage: 
                URL: 
                  http://geo.pacioos.hawaii.edu/geoserver/PACIOOS/gwc/service/wms?service=WMS&version=1.1.1&request=GetCapabilities&tiled=true
              Protocol: 
                OGC:WMS-C
              Name: 
                OGC-WMS-C
              Description: 
                Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Service - Cached (WMS-C). 
                Use of WMS-C is similar to traditional WMS but with the 
                addition of the "tiled=true" parameter, which triggers 
                GeoServer to pull map tiles from GeoWebCache if they have been 
                previously generated. This can dramatically improve 
                performance, especially for larger datasets. Supported map 
                formats include JPEG and PNG. Supported info formats include 
                GeoJSON, GML, HTML, and plain text.
              Function: 
                OnLine_Function_Code: 
                  download
      Operates_On: 
  Distribution_Information: 
    Distribution: 
      Distributor: 
        Distributor: 
          Distributor_Contact: 
            Responsible_Party: 
              Individual_Name: 
              Organisation_Name: 
                Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        info@pacioos.org
                  Online_Resource: 
                    Online_Resource: 
                      Linkage: 
                        URL: 
                          http://pacioos.org
                      Protocol: 
                        http
                      Application_Profile: 
                        web browser
                      Function: 
                        OnLine_Function_Code: 
                          information
              Role: 
                Role_Code: 
                  publisher
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://geo.pacioos.hawaii.edu/geoserver/
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    GeoServer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides access to this dataset via GeoServer, 
                    including multiple output formats and an OpenLayers viewer.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://geo.pacioos.hawaii.edu/geoexplorer/
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    GeoExplorer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides a viewer for this dataset.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://pacioos.org/projects/oceantippingpoints/#data
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    PacIOOS Ocean Tipping Points (OTP) Data Viewer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides a viewer and/or data access for this 
                    dataset.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
  Data_Quality_Information: 
    Data_Quality: 
      Scope: 
        Scope: 
          Hierarchy_Level: 
            Scope_Code: 
              dataset
      Lineage: 
        Lineage: 
          Statement: 
            2017-03-14T00:00:00Z OGC web services (WMS and WFS) enabled by 
            PacIOOS via GeoServer. Original data from source provider may have 
            been reformatted, reprojected, or adjusted in other ways to 
            optimize these capabilities.
  Metadata_Maintenance: 
    Maintenance_Information: 
      Maintenance_And_Update_Frequency: 
      Maintenance_Note: 
        This record was translated and enhanced from GeoServer OGC Web 
        Services (OWS) using PacIOOS software.