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        Carrie V. Kappel
      Organisation_Name: 
        National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
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      Citation: 
        Citation: 
          Title: 
            Non-commercial Shore-based Line Fishing Estimated Average Annual 
            Catch of Reef Fish, 2004-2013 - Hawaii
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-04-18
              Date_Type: 
                Date_Type_Code: 
                  creation
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-04-18
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              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-04-18
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              Individual_Name: 
                Carrie V. Kappel
              Organisation_Name: 
                National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu
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              Organisation_Name: 
                National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
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                        selkoe@nceas.ucsb.edu
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          Other_Citation_Details: 
            Related publications: Wedding LM, Lecky J, Gove JM, Walecka HR, 
            Donovan MK, et al. (2018) Advancing the integration of spatial 
            data to map human and natural drivers on coral reefs. PLOS ONE 
            13(3): e0189792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189792; 
            McCoy KS, Williams ID, Friedlander AM, Ma H, Teneva L, Kittinger 
            JN (2018) Estimating nearshore coral reef-associated fisheries 
            production from the main Hawaiian Islands. PLoS ONE 13(4): 
            e0195840. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195840.
      Abstract: 
        Nearshore fisheries in the Main Hawaiian Islands encompass a diverse 
        group of fishers using a wide array of gears and targeting many 
        different species. Communities in Hawaii often rely on these fisheries 
        for economic, social, and cultural services. However, the stress from 
        overfishing can cause ecosystem degradation and long-term economic 
        loss. This layer represents the average annual catch of reef fish by 
        non-commercial shore-based line fishing methods. Average annual catch 
        at the island scale from 2004-2013 was estimated from Marine 
        Recreational Information Program (MRIP) combined fisher intercept and 
        phone survey data (McCoy et al., 2018). These island-scale estimates 
        were spatially distributed offshore by combining two different proxies 
        for shoreline accessibility (terrain steepness and presence of roads) 
        while accounting for marine protected areas (MPAs) and de facto MPAs 
        (e.g., military danger zones) where access is restricted. This layer's 
        spatial footprint aligns with the inshore commercial reporting blocks 
        for commercial fish catch reporting to the State of Hawaii Department 
        of Aquatic Resources (DAR).
        
        Slope of the shoreline was calculated in degrees using a USGS 10-m 
        Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Topologically Integrated Geographic 
        Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) road data from the US Census Bureau 
        were used to classify the presence and type of roads. Attributes for 
        slope and road accessibility were then combined into a single 
        accessibility criterion. A weighting scheme was created that assumes 
        easily accessible shorelines with flat slopes and paved public road 
        access have the highest catch and that catch decreases incrementally 
        with level of accessibility. Any combination that includes no 
        accessibility due to steep slopes received a zero weight and therefore 
        zero fishing. Weights sum to 1 for each island. These weights were 
        then multiplied by the MRIP island-scale estimates of annual catch 
        from line fishing at each coastal point. Catch was then extended 
        offshore 200 m. Catch in full no-take MPAs were set to zero and other 
        areas with restricted access were reduced according to expert input 
        and local knowledge.
        
        Final pixels values are in units of kg/ha such that the sum of all 
        pixels for each island is equal to the estimates of average annual 
        catch from McCoy et al. (2018). Units, pixel size, and grid alignment 
        are consistent with all other OTP fishing layers so that they can be 
        compared directly or added together for various uses.
      Purpose: 
        This layer was developed as part of a geospatial database of key 
        anthropogenic pressures to coastal waters of the Main Hawaiian Islands 
        for the Ocean Tipping Points (OTP) project 
        (http://oceantippingpoints.org). Ocean tipping points occur when 
        shifts in human use or environmental conditions result in large, and 
        sometimes abrupt, impacts to marine ecosystems. The ability to predict 
        and understand ocean tipping points can enhance ecosystem management, 
        including critical coral reef management and policies to protect 
        ecosystem services produced by coral reefs. The goal of the Ocean 
        Tipping Points Hawaii case study was to gather, process, and map 
        spatial information on environmental and human-based drivers of coral 
        reef ecosystem conditions.
      Credit: 
        The Ocean Tipping Points project, 2016. Please acknowledge the Ocean 
        Tipping Points project as a source when these data are used in the 
        preparation of reports, papers, publications, maps, and other 
        products. When applying these data for publication, please reference 
        and cite the following journal article: Wedding LM, Lecky J, Gove JM, 
        Walecka HR, Donovan MK, et al. (2018) Advancing the integration of 
        spatial data to map human and natural drivers on coral reefs. PLOS ONE 
        13(3): e0189792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189792.
      Point_Of_Contact: 
        Responsible_Party: 
          Individual_Name: 
            Carrie V. Kappel
          Organisation_Name: 
            National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
          Contact_Information: 
            Contact: 
              Address: 
                Address: 
                  Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                    kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu
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      Descriptive_Keywords: 
        Keywords: 
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Agriculture > Agricultural Aquatic Sciences > 
            Fisheries
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Biosphere > Aquatic Ecosystems > Reef Habitat
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Biosphere > Ecosystems > Marine Ecosystems > Reef 
            > Coral Reef
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Environmental Impacts
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Human Settlements > Coastal Areas
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Social Behavior > Recreational 
            Activities/Areas > Fishing
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Human Dimensions > Sustainability > Environmental 
            Sustainability
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Oceans > Aquatic Sciences > Fisheries
          Keyword: 
            Earth Science > Oceans > Coastal Processes > Coral Reefs
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              Date: 
      Descriptive_Keywords: 
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          Keyword: 
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          Keyword: 
            Ocean > Pacific Ocean > Central Pacific Ocean > Hawaiian Islands
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      Resource_Constraints: 
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            Please contact the Ocean Tipping Points (OTP) project in advance 
            of applying these data to project work so that the principal 
            investigator, Carrie Kappel (kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu), can track and 
            communicate data uses and ensure no duplicate efforts are 
            underway. The data may be used and redistributed for free but is 
            not intended for legal use, since it may contain inaccuracies. 
            Neither the data Contributor, University of Hawaii, PacIOOS, NOAA, 
            State of Hawaii nor the United States Government, nor any of their 
            employees or contractors, makes any warranty, express or implied, 
            including warranties of merchantability and fitness for a 
            particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability for the 
            accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, of this information.
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      Language: 
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      Topic_Category: 
        Topic_Category_Code: 
          biota
      Topic_Category: 
        Topic_Category_Code: 
          environment
      Topic_Category: 
        Topic_Category_Code: 
          farming
      Topic_Category: 
        Topic_Category_Code: 
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      Topic_Category: 
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          Title: 
            Non-commercial Shore-based Line Fishing Estimated Average Annual 
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          Date: 
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              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-04-18
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                Carrie V. Kappel
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                National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
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                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu
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      Abstract: 
        Nearshore fisheries in the Main Hawaiian Islands encompass a diverse 
        group of fishers using a wide array of gears and targeting many 
        different species. Communities in Hawaii often rely on these fisheries 
        for economic, social, and cultural services. However, the stress from 
        overfishing can cause ecosystem degradation and long-term economic 
        loss. This layer represents the average annual catch of reef fish by 
        non-commercial shore-based line fishing methods. Average annual catch 
        at the island scale from 2004-2013 was estimated from Marine 
        Recreational Information Program (MRIP) combined fisher intercept and 
        phone survey data (McCoy et al., 2018). These island-scale estimates 
        were spatially distributed offshore by combining two different proxies 
        for shoreline accessibility (terrain steepness and presence of roads) 
        while accounting for marine protected areas (MPAs) and de facto MPAs 
        (e.g., military danger zones) where access is restricted. This layer's 
        spatial footprint aligns with the inshore commercial reporting blocks 
        for commercial fish catch reporting to the State of Hawaii Department 
        of Aquatic Resources (DAR).
        
        Slope of the shoreline was calculated in degrees using a USGS 10-m 
        Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Topologically Integrated Geographic 
        Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) road data from the US Census Bureau 
        were used to classify the presence and type of roads. Attributes for 
        slope and road accessibility were then combined into a single 
        accessibility criterion. A weighting scheme was created that assumes 
        easily accessible shorelines with flat slopes and paved public road 
        access have the highest catch and that catch decreases incrementally 
        with level of accessibility. Any combination that includes no 
        accessibility due to steep slopes received a zero weight and therefore 
        zero fishing. Weights sum to 1 for each island. These weights were 
        then multiplied by the MRIP island-scale estimates of annual catch 
        from line fishing at each coastal point. Catch was then extended 
        offshore 200 m. Catch in full no-take MPAs were set to zero and other 
        areas with restricted access were reduced according to expert input 
        and local knowledge.
        
        Final pixels values are in units of kg/ha such that the sum of all 
        pixels for each island is equal to the estimates of average annual 
        catch from McCoy et al. (2018). Units, pixel size, and grid alignment 
        are consistent with all other OTP fishing layers so that they can be 
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          Title: 
            Non-commercial Shore-based Line Fishing Estimated Average Annual 
            Catch of Reef Fish, 2004-2013 - Hawaii
          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-04-18
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                National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        kappel@nceas.ucsb.edu
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      Abstract: 
        Nearshore fisheries in the Main Hawaiian Islands encompass a diverse 
        group of fishers using a wide array of gears and targeting many 
        different species. Communities in Hawaii often rely on these fisheries 
        for economic, social, and cultural services. However, the stress from 
        overfishing can cause ecosystem degradation and long-term economic 
        loss. This layer represents the average annual catch of reef fish by 
        non-commercial shore-based line fishing methods. Average annual catch 
        at the island scale from 2004-2013 was estimated from Marine 
        Recreational Information Program (MRIP) combined fisher intercept and 
        phone survey data (McCoy et al., 2018). These island-scale estimates 
        were spatially distributed offshore by combining two different proxies 
        for shoreline accessibility (terrain steepness and presence of roads) 
        while accounting for marine protected areas (MPAs) and de facto MPAs 
        (e.g., military danger zones) where access is restricted. This layer's 
        spatial footprint aligns with the inshore commercial reporting blocks 
        for commercial fish catch reporting to the State of Hawaii Department 
        of Aquatic Resources (DAR).
        
        Slope of the shoreline was calculated in degrees using a USGS 10-m 
        Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Topologically Integrated Geographic 
        Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) road data from the US Census Bureau 
        were used to classify the presence and type of roads. Attributes for 
        slope and road accessibility were then combined into a single 
        accessibility criterion. A weighting scheme was created that assumes 
        easily accessible shorelines with flat slopes and paved public road 
        access have the highest catch and that catch decreases incrementally 
        with level of accessibility. Any combination that includes no 
        accessibility due to steep slopes received a zero weight and therefore 
        zero fishing. Weights sum to 1 for each island. These weights were 
        then multiplied by the MRIP island-scale estimates of annual catch 
        from line fishing at each coastal point. Catch was then extended 
        offshore 200 m. Catch in full no-take MPAs were set to zero and other 
        areas with restricted access were reduced according to expert input 
        and local knowledge.
        
        Final pixels values are in units of kg/ha such that the sum of all 
        pixels for each island is equal to the estimates of average annual 
        catch from McCoy et al. (2018). Units, pixel size, and grid alignment 
        are consistent with all other OTP fishing layers so that they can be 
        compared directly or added together for various uses.
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          Title: 
            Non-commercial Shore-based Line Fishing Estimated Average Annual 
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          Date: 
            Date: 
              Date: 
                Date: 
                  2017-04-18
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                          http://oceantippingpoints.org
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                Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        info@pacioos.org
                  Online_Resource: 
                    Online_Resource: 
                      Linkage: 
                        URL: 
                          http://pacioos.org
                      Protocol: 
                        http
                      Application_Profile: 
                        web browser
                      Name: 
                      Description: 
                      Function: 
                        OnLine_Function_Code: 
                          information
              Role: 
                Role_Code: 
                  distributor
      Abstract: 
        Nearshore fisheries in the Main Hawaiian Islands encompass a diverse 
        group of fishers using a wide array of gears and targeting many 
        different species. Communities in Hawaii often rely on these fisheries 
        for economic, social, and cultural services. However, the stress from 
        overfishing can cause ecosystem degradation and long-term economic 
        loss. This layer represents the average annual catch of reef fish by 
        non-commercial shore-based line fishing methods. Average annual catch 
        at the island scale from 2004-2013 was estimated from Marine 
        Recreational Information Program (MRIP) combined fisher intercept and 
        phone survey data (McCoy et al., 2018). These island-scale estimates 
        were spatially distributed offshore by combining two different proxies 
        for shoreline accessibility (terrain steepness and presence of roads) 
        while accounting for marine protected areas (MPAs) and de facto MPAs 
        (e.g., military danger zones) where access is restricted. This layer's 
        spatial footprint aligns with the inshore commercial reporting blocks 
        for commercial fish catch reporting to the State of Hawaii Department 
        of Aquatic Resources (DAR).
        
        Slope of the shoreline was calculated in degrees using a USGS 10-m 
        Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Topologically Integrated Geographic 
        Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) road data from the US Census Bureau 
        were used to classify the presence and type of roads. Attributes for 
        slope and road accessibility were then combined into a single 
        accessibility criterion. A weighting scheme was created that assumes 
        easily accessible shorelines with flat slopes and paved public road 
        access have the highest catch and that catch decreases incrementally 
        with level of accessibility. Any combination that includes no 
        accessibility due to steep slopes received a zero weight and therefore 
        zero fishing. Weights sum to 1 for each island. These weights were 
        then multiplied by the MRIP island-scale estimates of annual catch 
        from line fishing at each coastal point. Catch was then extended 
        offshore 200 m. Catch in full no-take MPAs were set to zero and other 
        areas with restricted access were reduced according to expert input 
        and local knowledge.
        
        Final pixels values are in units of kg/ha such that the sum of all 
        pixels for each island is equal to the estimates of average annual 
        catch from McCoy et al. (2018). Units, pixel size, and grid alignment 
        are consistent with all other OTP fishing layers so that they can be 
        compared directly or added together for various uses.
      Service_Type: 
        Local_Name: 
          Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Service - Cached (WMS-C)
      Extent: 
        Extent: 
          Geographic_Element: 
            Geographic_Bounding_Box: 
              Extent_Type_Code: 
                Boolean: 
                  1
              West_Bound_Longitude: 
                Decimal: 
                  -160.29941254176182
              East_Bound_Longitude: 
                Decimal: 
                  -154.68152211053985
              South_Bound_Latitude: 
                Decimal: 
                  18.84682504235098
              North_Bound_Latitude: 
                Decimal: 
                  22.279194938427217
      Coupling_Type: 
        Coupling_Type: 
          tight
      Contains_Operations: 
        Operation_Metadata: 
          Operation_Name: 
            GetCapabilities
          Distributed_Computing_Platforms: 
          Connect_Point: 
            Online_Resource: 
              Linkage: 
                URL: 
                  http://geo.pacioos.hawaii.edu/geoserver/PACIOOS/gwc/service/wms?service=WMS&version=1.1.1&request=GetCapabilities&tiled=true
              Protocol: 
                OGC:WMS-C
              Name: 
                OGC-WMS-C
              Description: 
                Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Service - Cached (WMS-C). 
                Use of WMS-C is similar to traditional WMS but with the 
                addition of the "tiled=true" parameter, which triggers 
                GeoServer to pull map tiles from GeoWebCache if they have been 
                previously generated. This can dramatically improve 
                performance, especially for larger datasets. Supported map 
                formats include JPEG and PNG. Supported info formats include 
                GeoJSON, GML, HTML, and plain text.
              Function: 
                OnLine_Function_Code: 
                  download
      Operates_On: 
  Distribution_Information: 
    Distribution: 
      Distributor: 
        Distributor: 
          Distributor_Contact: 
            Responsible_Party: 
              Individual_Name: 
              Organisation_Name: 
                Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
              Contact_Information: 
                Contact: 
                  Address: 
                    Address: 
                      Electronic_Mail_Address: 
                        info@pacioos.org
                  Online_Resource: 
                    Online_Resource: 
                      Linkage: 
                        URL: 
                          http://pacioos.org
                      Protocol: 
                        http
                      Application_Profile: 
                        web browser
                      Function: 
                        OnLine_Function_Code: 
                          information
              Role: 
                Role_Code: 
                  publisher
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://geo.pacioos.hawaii.edu/geoserver/
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    GeoServer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides access to this dataset via GeoServer, 
                    including multiple output formats and an OpenLayers viewer.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://geo.pacioos.hawaii.edu/geoexplorer/
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    GeoExplorer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides a viewer for this dataset.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
          Distributor_Transfer_Options: 
            Digital_Transfer_Options: 
              Online: 
                Online_Resource: 
                  Linkage: 
                    URL: 
                      http://pacioos.org/projects/oceantippingpoints/#data
                  Protocol: 
                    http
                  Name: 
                    PacIOOS Ocean Tipping Points (OTP) Data Viewer
                  Description: 
                    This URL provides a viewer and/or data access for this 
                    dataset.
                  Function: 
                    OnLine_Function_Code: 
                      download
  Data_Quality_Information: 
    Data_Quality: 
      Scope: 
        Scope: 
          Hierarchy_Level: 
            Scope_Code: 
              dataset
      Lineage: 
        Lineage: 
          Statement: 
            2017-04-18T00:00:00Z OGC web services (WMS and WFS) enabled by 
            PacIOOS via GeoServer. Original data from source provider may have 
            been reformatted, reprojected, or adjusted in other ways to 
            optimize these capabilities.
  Metadata_Maintenance: 
    Maintenance_Information: 
      Maintenance_And_Update_Frequency: 
      Maintenance_Note: 
        This record was translated and enhanced from GeoServer OGC Web 
        Services (OWS) using PacIOOS software.